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Let first discuss what is AI
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy, it is “The science and
engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a
software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and
work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of
developing intelligent software and systems.
Human-like machines are described in many stories and are pictured in sculptures, paintings, and drawings.
Philosophy of AI
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to
wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”
Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in
machines that we find and regard high in humans.
Goals of AI
- To Create Expert Systems: The systems which exhibit intelligent behaviour, learn,demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
- To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines: Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
What Contributes to AI
Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.
Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an intelligent system:
Applications of AI
- Gaming: AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
- Natural Language Processing:It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken by humans.
- Speech Recognition:Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
- Intelligent Robots:Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.
AI Issues
AI is developing with such an incredible speed, sometimes it seems magical. There is an opinion among researchers and developers that AI could grow so immensely strong that it would be difficult for humans to control.
Humans developed AI systems by introducing into them every possible intelligence they could,
for which the humans themselves now seem threatened.
- Threat to Privacy: An AI program that recognises speech and understands natural language is theoretically capable of understanding each conversation on e-mails and telephones.
- Threat to Human Dignity: AI systems have already started replacing the human beings in few industries. It should not replace people in the sectors where they are holding dignified positions which are pertaining to ethics such as nursing, surgeon, judge, police officer, etc
- Threat to Safety: The self-improving AI systems can become so mighty than humans that could be very difficult to stop from achieving their goals, which may lead to unintended consequences.
- Agent: Agents are systems or software programs capable of autonomous, purposeful and reasoning directed towards one or more goals. They are also called assistants, brokers, bots, droids, intelligent agents, and software agents.
- Autonomous Robot: Robot free from external control or influence and able to control itself independently.
- Backward Chaining: Strategy of working backward for Reason/Cause of a problem.
- Blackboard: It is the memory inside computer, which is used for communication between the cooperating expert systems.
- Environment: It is the part of real or computational world inhabited by the agent.
- Heuristics: It is the knowledge based on Trial-and-error, evaluations, and experimentation.
- Knowledge Engineering: Acquiring knowledge from human experts and other resources.
- Shell: A shell is a software that helps in designing inference engine, knowledge base, and user interface of an expert system.
- Turing Test: A test developed by Allan Turing to test the intelligence of a machine as compared to human intelligence.
